Exploring the Underground Cities of Cappadocia, Turkey.

In the heart of central Turkey lies a region that looks like it belongs on another planet — Cappadocia. While many travelers are drawn to its surreal rock formations, whimsical fairy chimneys, and colorful hot air balloons that rise with the sun, beneath the surface lies an equally astonishing world: the underground cities. Hidden from plain view, these subterranean networks stretch deep into the earth, revealing a fascinating blend of ancient architecture, religious refuge, and human resilience.

Beneath the Surface: A Subterranean Marvel

The most captivating feature of Cappadocia isn’t just what meets the eye. Beneath the soft volcanic terrain lies a labyrinth of underground cities, some of which date back thousands of years. These complexes weren’t simply cellars or storage areas — they were fully functioning towns with living quarters, kitchens, churches, wineries, wells, and even ventilation systems. Some extended as many as eight levels below ground.

The geology of the region, formed by the eruptions of Mount Erciyes and other nearby volcanoes, gave rise to tuff — a soft, easily carved rock that proved ideal for constructing shelters. Early civilizations took advantage of this pliable material to dig extensive networks that could accommodate thousands of people.

Who Built These Cities?

It’s believed that the earliest subterranean dwellings were carved by the Phrygians in the 8th or 7th century BCE. Later, during the Roman and Byzantine periods, the underground cities were expanded and adapted for new purposes. The cities became crucial for Christian communities, who used them as sanctuaries to escape persecution. They were also later used during Arab invasions and continued to serve defensive roles into the medieval period.

Over time, the inhabitants developed complex infrastructures that included rolling stone doors to seal off passages during attacks, trap doors, communication shafts, and wells to access underground water sources. The most sophisticated of these settlements could house up to 20,000 people and support life for several months at a time.

Derinkuyu: The Deepest and Most Impressive

Among the most famous underground cities in Cappadocia is Derinkuyu. Discovered in the 1960s when a local man renovating his home uncovered a hidden room behind a wall, Derinkuyu descends over 60 meters (nearly 200 feet) into the earth. With 18 levels — though only 8 are open to the public — it stands as the deepest excavated underground city in the region.

Walking through Derinkuyu is like stepping into a forgotten world. Narrow corridors snake between chambers that once served as homes, schools, kitchens, and churches. Ingeniously designed ventilation shafts kept fresh air circulating, while giant stone wheels acted as doors that could be rolled into place to prevent intruders from entering.

One of the most fascinating aspects of Derinkuyu is its large communal areas. It even has a missionary school room and a baptismal pool — a testament to the deep religious devotion of its occupants. Its water wells were carved in such a way that they could not be poisoned from the surface, adding another layer of protection.

Kaymakli: An Expansive Underground Community

Just a short drive from Derinkuyu lies Kaymakli, another remarkable subterranean city that’s more spread out horizontally than vertically. It’s connected to Derinkuyu via a tunnel nearly 9 kilometers long, though it’s not currently accessible to visitors. Kaymakli’s architecture is somewhat more spacious, and many of the rooms are linked by low tunnels that require visitors to crouch or crawl.

What makes Kaymakli particularly intriguing is the presence of living quarters and stables on the first few levels. This layout suggests that the city was not just used during emergencies, but perhaps inhabited more permanently or for extended stays. Archaeologists have uncovered stone doors, clay pots, food storage rooms, and grape presses used for wine production — indicating a vibrant life below ground.

Other Notable Underground Cities

While Derinkuyu and Kaymakli are the best known, Cappadocia is home to more than 200 known underground settlements. Some are small and only extend one or two levels, while others remain unexplored. Özkonak and Mazı are two lesser-known cities that offer fewer crowds and more intimate experiences. Özkonak features a unique ventilation system and communication pipes between levels, while Mazı impresses with its finely carved entrances and multi-room layouts.

Each of these cities adds depth — literally and figuratively — to the historical and cultural richness of Cappadocia.

Life Underground: A Blend of Faith and Function

Life in these cities was far from primitive. The inhabitants adapted remarkably well to their surroundings. Religious sanctuaries were carved with intricate crosses, while storage facilities were designed to preserve food through long sieges. The temperature underground remained consistent year-round, making it ideal for storing produce and wine.

The importance of religion is visible in the churches and chapels built deep within the earth. Carved altars, stone pews, and frescoes (many now faded) testify to the spiritual life that flourished underground, even during times of turmoil.

Modern-Day Exploration

Today, exploring Cappadocia’s underground cities is a highlight for visitors from around the world. Most tours include stops at either Derinkuyu or Kaymakli, often combined with visits to the region’s open-air museums, fairy chimney valleys, and hot air balloon rides.

However, venturing into these cities isn’t for everyone. The narrow, dimly lit passages can be claustrophobic, and some areas require a bit of stooping or crawling. But for those willing to delve into the depths, the experience is unforgettable — a journey back in time and into the resilience of ancient communities who carved a world beneath their feet.

Tips for Visiting

• Wear comfortable clothing and shoes: You’ll be doing a lot of bending and walking.
• Consider a guided tour: Professional guides provide rich historical context that enhances the experience.
• Stay hydrated and well-rested: The air can be dry, and moving through tight spaces can be tiring.
• Claustrophobia warning: Some tunnels are narrow and low — prepare accordingly if you’re prone to discomfort in tight spaces.
• Combine with other sites: Make the most of your visit by also exploring the Göreme Open Air Museum, Uçhisar Castle, and Ihlara Valley.

A Living Testament to Human Ingenuity

The underground cities of Cappadocia are not merely tourist attractions — they are monumental achievements of ancient engineering, faith, and survival. These spaces tell stories of persecution and peace, retreat and resilience. They show how humans, when faced with adversity, can carve sanctuaries out of stone and thrive beneath the surface.

For travelers seeking more than postcard-perfect landscapes, Cappadocia’s underground cities offer a chance to connect with a past that feels both distant and surprisingly familiar — a reminder of the enduring human spirit.